the american forests john muir summary
President Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir. Only the forests of the West are significant in size and value, and these, although still great, are rapidly vanishing. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. The great forests of Northern United States captivated him and fueled . Gigantic second and third growth trees are found in the redwoods, forming magnificent temple-like circles around charred ruins more than a thousand years old. The same thing is true of the mines, which consume and destroy indirectly immense quantities of timber with their innumerable fires, accidental or set to make open ways, and often without regard to how far they run. During the course of his political term, Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves, created 50 regions for the protection of wildlife, founded 16 national monuments and established 5 new national parks. Accessibility Statement, John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes, Holt-Atherton Special Collections homepage. It extends along the western slope, in a nearly continuous belt about ten miles wide, from beyond the Oregon boundary to the south of Santa Cruz, a distance of nearly four hundred miles, and in massive, sustained grandeur and closeness of growth surpasses all the other timber woods of the world. Home | Well, it didn't happen by accident or guesswork. John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland on April 21, 1838, as the oldest son in religious shopkeepers family. University Libraries https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmb/234. In 1913, Congress passed a law that approved the construction of the dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley. Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . It has been planted and is flourishing over a great part of Europe, and magnificent sections of the aboriginal forests have been reserved as national and state parks, the Mariposa Sequoia Grove, near Yosemite, managed by the State of California, and the General Grant and Sequoia national parks on the Kings, the Kaweah, and Tule rivers, efficiently guarded by a small troop of United States cavalry under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. Muir ended his life living in the care of his Chinese employees. > But timber-thieves of the Western class are seldom convicted, for the good reason that most of the jurors who try such cases are themselves as guilty as those on trial. Enthralled by nature from a young age, Roosevelt cherished and promoted our nation's landscapes and wildlife. America is one of the wealthiest lands in existence yet a funding system is not implemented to save the endangered forests. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyedchased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woodstrees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. Since then, critics both international and domestic, but mostly from within the environmental movement, have criticized the idea of wilderness. One of the reasons why John Muir and other naturalists would have believed that the grandeur of Western America was shaped entirely by natural forces is that they had no idea how many Native. the glory of the world! John Muir remains worthy of honor and respect as a person who studied, recorded, and shared the natural areas of the United States and the world, and the role of humans within the environment. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. The Russian government passed a law in 1888, declaring that clearing is forbidden in protection forests, and is allowed in others only when its effects will not be to disturb the suitable relations which should exist between forest and agricultural lands.. As is shown by Mr. E. A. Bowers, formerly Inspector of the Public Land Service, the foundation of our protective policy, which has never protected, is an act passed March 1, 1817, which authorized the Secretary of the Navy to reserve lands producing live-oak and cedar, for the sole purpose of supplying timber for the navy of the United States. In India systematic forest management was begun about forty years ago, under difficulties presented by the character of the country, the prevalence of running fires, opposition from lumbermen, settlers, etc. John Muir (/mjr/; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Humans, Muir decided, are no greater or lesser than other forms of life. The big tree is also to come extent being made into lumber. And when he was tired wading in the sloughs and touched with rheumatiz, he just knocked off on ducks, and went to the Contra Costa hills for dove and quail. So we confidently believe it will be with our great national parks and forest reservations. John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. Of the total area of government forests, perhaps 70,000,000 acres, 55,000,000 acres have been brought under the control of the forestry department, a larger area than that of all our national parks and reservations. Working in concert with many individuals and organizations, the Roosevelt administration was responsible for the following: the Newlands Act of 1902 . All sorts of local laws and regulations have been tried and found wanting, and the costly lessons of our own experience, as well as that of every civilized nation, show conclusively that the fate of the remnant of our forests is in the hands of the federal government, and that if the remnant is to be saved at all, it must be saved quickly. Mere destroyers, however, tree-killers, spreading death and confusion in the fairest groves and gardens ever planted, let the government hasten to cast them out and make an end of them. 341, v. 6, pp. My First Summer in the Sierra, John Muir's reverent acclamation of the beauty of the wilderness and particularly the Yosemite Valley in California, is a dated journal account of . Let them be welcomed still as nature welcomes them, to the woods as well as to the prairies and plains. John Muir; At Home in the Wild. Its focus is the general geology and characteristics of the Sierra Nevada. Had he gone West he would have found out that the sky was not safe; for all through the summer months, over most of the mountain regions, the smoke of mill and forest fires is so thick and black that no sunbeam can pierce it. The axe is not yet at the root of every tree, but the sheep is, or was before the national parks were established and guarded by the military, the only effective and reliable arm of the government free from the blight of politics. Surveyed thus from the east to the west, from the north to the south, they are rich beyond thought, immortal, immeasurable, enough and to spare for every feeding, sheltering beast and bird, insect and son of Adam; and nobody need have cared had there been no pines in Norway, no cedars and deodars on Lebanon and the Himalayas, no vine-clad selvas in the basin of the Amazon. Muir made extended journeys throughout America, observing both scientifically and enthusiastically the beauties of the wilderness. In no other way than under some one of these laws can a citizen of the United States make any use of the public forests. The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe. The outcries we hear against forest reservations come mostly from thieves who are wealthy and steal timber by wholesale. Thus, with abundance of fuel, shelter and comfort by his own fireside are secured. But this priceless land has been patented, and nothing can be done now about the crazy bargain. Muir strategically uses God to appeal to the readers of the time. Any fool can destroy trees. The American Forests John Muir ALDO LEOPOLD'S LAND ETHIC IN FORESTRY; 5. Armed with a plant-press and a blank notebook, Muir wandered for weeks at a time, through the mountains that would later be Yosemite National Park. The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. Listen to the trailer for Holy Week. So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. Conservation generally refers to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources. The redwood is one of the few conifers that sprout from the stump and roots, and it declares itself willing to begin immediately to repair the damage of the lumberman and also that of the forest-burner. This tree is one of the most variable and most widely distributed of American pines. Back at the turn of the 20th Century Gifford Pinchot and John Muir had radically contrasting views of how to manage . The enormous logs, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder. To the northward, over Maine and the Ottawa, rose hosts of spiry, rosiny evergreens, white pine and spruce, hemlock and cedar, shoulder to shoulder, laden with purple cones, their myriad needles sparkling and shimmering, covering hills and swamps, rocky headlands and domes, ever bravely aspiring and seeking the sky; the ground in their shade now snow-clad and frozen, now mossy and flowery; beaver meadows here and there, full of lilies and grass; lakes gleaming like eyes, and a silvery embroidery of rivers and creeks watering and brightening all the vast glad wilderness. It is the only genuine Erebus route. Of course a way had to be cleared through the woods. Part One, The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? John Muir was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Notwithstanding all the waste and use which have been going on unchecked like a storm for more than two centuries, it is not yet too late, though it is high time, for the government to begin a rational administration of its forests. Many of his ideas merely echoed the thoughts of earlier deists and Romantics, especially Thoreau, but he articu- lated them with an intensity and enthusiasm that commanded widespread attention. By the act of March 3, 1875, all land-grant and right-of-way railroads are authorized to take timber from the public lands adjacent to their lines for construction purposes; and they have taken it with a vengeance, destroying a hundred times more than they have used, mostly by allowing fires to run into the woods. Muir's conservation efforts saved many forests and natural areas for all of us. I was consequently keen to read his short essay "Save the redwoods" when it popped up as an LOA story-of-the-week three weeks ago. Uncle Sam is not often called a fool is business matters, yet he had sold millions of acres of timber land at two dollars and a half an acre on which a single tree was worth more than a hundred dollars. John Muir (1838 - 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as . Every place is made better by them. The American Forests Appendix Index List of Illustrations Sequoias, Mariposa Grove [bigger] Like 0. "Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. During his lengthy wanderings, Muir contemplated man's relationship to nature. In his article "The American Forests", John Muir discusses the beauty of the American forests along with their being easy targets for unwise people destroying them for their egoistical purposes. Katherine S. Talmadge. God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, and avalanches; but he cannot save them from fools, only Uncle Sam can do that.. The making of the far-famed New York Central Park was opposed by even good men, with misguided pluck, perseverance, and ingenuity; but straight right won its way, and now that park is appreciated. Then he strikes off into the virgin woods, where the sugar-pine, king of all the hundred species of pines in the world in size and beauty, towers on the open sunny slopes of the Sierra in the fullness of its glory. . In one case which came under the observation of Mr. Bowers, it was the practice of a lumber company to hire the entire crew of every vessel which might happen to touch at any port in the redwood belt, to enter one hundred and sixty acres each and immediately deed the land to the company, in consideration of the company's paying all expenses and giving the jolly sailors fifty dollars apiece for their trouble. The Civil War had just ended. But when the steel axe of the white man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed. But light is surely coming, and the friends of destruction will preach and bewail in vain. The half dozen transcontinental railroad companies advertise the beauties of their lines in gorgeous many-colored folders, each claiming its as the scenic route. The route of superior desolation the smoke, dust, and ashes route would be a more truthful description. Thus every mill is a centre of destruction far more severe from waste and fire than from use. The forest service does not rest satisfied with the present proportion of woodland, but looks to planting the best forest trees it can find in any country, if likely to be useful and to thrive in Japan. Twenty-First Century Books, New York, New York. The provisions of the code concerning private woodlands are substantially these: No private owner may clear his woodlands without giving notice to the government at least four months in advance, and the forest service may forbid the clearing on the following grounds: to maintain the soil on mountains, to defend the soil against erosion and flooding by rivers or torrents, to insure the existence of springs and watercourses, to protect the dunes and seashore, etc. 2) Yosemite Glaciers. While in Alaska, I saw the loveliest forests and scenery I've ever seen. Theyre good as hog hams any day. A part of the John Muir Exhibit, by Harold Wood and Harvey Chinn. Every one of the frail shake shanties is a centre of destruction, and the extent of the ravages wrought in this quiet way is in the aggregate enormous. Theres always a market for bear grease, and sometimes you can sell the hams. This paper looks at the roles that language had in the writings of John Muir, the father of American national parks and Gifford Pinchot, the father of American forest conservation. John Muir, Naturalist: A Concise Biography of the Great Naturalist. Railroad tracks were just . He wrote many magazine articles and books, inspiring other people to love nature and drawing attention to the need to protect the environment. John W. Winkley, M.A., D.D. The effect of the present confused, discriminating, and unjust system has been to place almost the whole population in opposition to the government; and as conclusive of its futility, as shown by Mr. Bowers, we need only state that during the seven years from 1881 to 1887 inclusive the value of the timber reported stolen from the government lands was $36,719,935, and the amount recovered was $478,073, while the cost of the services of special agents alone was $455,000, to which must be added the expense of the trials. Only by gift or purchase, so far as I know, can the government get back into its possession a single acre of this wonderful forest. He came to the San Francisco area in 1868 and there he discovered the Sierra Mountains. Chapter 2: How is Sustainability a Political Issue? John Muir, Wilderness Protector. John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes. After the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia had been mostly cleared and scorched into melancholy ruins, the overflowing multitude of bread and money seekers poured over the Alleghanies into the fertile middle West, spreading ruthless devastation ever wider and farther over the rich valley of the Mississippi and the vast shadowy pine region about the Great Lakes. For it must be told again and again, and be burningly borne in mind, that just now, while protective measures are being deliberated languidly, destruction and use are speeding on faster and farther every day. Relating how the ever-increasing horde of settlers had poured across the continent, Muir writes: " with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast, trees in their beauty fell crashing by the millions and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than 200 years . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end." The fact is, it was all started over 100 years ago by two men I like to refer to as the founding fathers of America's public lands. It is the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest. The sky is black and the ground is black, and on either side there is a continuous border of black stumps and logs and blasted trees appealing to heaven for help as if still half alive, and their mute eloquence is most interestingly touching. His lifelong passion for hiking began when he hiked 1,000 miles from Indianapolis to the Gulf of Mexico in. Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end, leaving America as barren as Palestine or Spain. Every train rolls on through dismal smoke and barbarous melancholy ruins; and the companies might well cry in their advertisements: Come! In the settlement and civilization of the country, bread more than timber or beauty was wanted; and in the blindness of hunger, the early settlers, claiming Heaven as their guide, regarded Gods trees as only a larger kind of pernicious weeds, extremely hard to get rid of. John Muir in Yosemite. The feudal lords valued the woodlands, and enacted vigorous protective laws; and when, in the latest civil war, the Mikado government destroyed the feudal system, it declared the forests that had belonged to the feudal lords to be the property of the state, promulgated a forest law binding on the whole kingdom, and founded a school of forestry in Tokio. Both environmentalists were great activists that informed the . These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. Through his book Travels in Alaska, I learned about the formation of Glacier Bay and Muir's exploration of that twinned body of water I called home for two summers. The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West, chapter 1 of 'Our National Parks' by John Muir (1901). Listen to the trailer for Holy Week. He educated Americans about the value of the countrys wilderness, inspiring generations of wilderness advocates. Nevertheless the Andes and the South American forests continued to fascinate his imagination, as his letters show, for many years after he came to California. There is none to say them nay. The remnant protected will yield plenty of timber, a perennial harvest for every right use, without further diminution of its area, and will continue to cover the springs of the rivers that rise in the mountains and give irrigating waters to the dry valleys at their feet, prevent wasting floods and be a blessing to everybody forever. Drought and barrenness would follow. As he grew older, Muir became increasingly excited about what plants and nature could teach him. Theres big money in it, and your grub costs nothing. As a boy, Muir was "fond of everything that was wild" (My Boyhood and Youth 30) and took great pleasure in the outdoors. These residual forests are generally on mountain slopes, just where they are doing the most good, and where their removal would be followed by the greatest number of evils; the lands they cover are too rocky and high for agriculture, and can never be made as valuable for any other crop as for the present crop of trees. The abstract is typically a short summary of the . A champion of America's great writers and timeless works, Library of America guides readers in finding and exploring the exceptional writing that reflects the nation's history and culture. But there is not a single specimen of the redwood in any national park. A few bolts from the same section that the shakes were made from are split into square sticks and built up to form a chimney, the inside and interspaces being plastered and filled in with mud. Of all the destroyers that infest the woods the shake-maker seems the happiest. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christs timeand long before thatGod has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand straining, leveling tempests and floods; but he cannot save them from foolsonly Uncle Sam can do that. See All test questions. But not one denuded acre in a hundred is allowed to raise a new forest growth. As for reservation and protection of forests, it seems as silly and needless to them as protection and reservation of the ocean would be; both appearing to be boundless and inexhaustible. Word Count: 490. Specimen of the great forests of the 20th Century Gifford Pinchot and John Muir, Naturalist: a Bibliography! But light is surely coming, and your grub costs nothing as well as to the readers of the in. 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